Criminology and identity: A theoretical review / Criminología e identidad: una revisión teórica / Criminologia e identidade: uma revisão teórica

This article is a literature review describing and analysing the main theoretical and empirical developments that have addressed the concept of identity and its role in crime based on criminology and other disciplines. The literature review was based on a search both in Spanish and English in the Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Scielo databases. The exposition of theoretical proposals follows a chronological and disciplinary field order, including identity perspective, the sociology of deviance, developmental criminology, and several of the leading contemporary approaches. It highlights the dissemination and importance of identity perspective between the 1950s and 1970s and the subsequent criticism that it was reductionist, lacking theoretical support, and not in dialogue with other criminological proposals. Thereupon, emphasis is placed on the subsequent contributions and proposals, which demonstrate the consistency of the concept, as well as its versatility and articulation with different disciplinary approaches to the understanding of the criminal phenomenon. The conclusion highlights the richness of the concept, its projections, and the importance of its revitalisation.

Este artículo es una revisión bibliográfica en la que se describen y analizan los principales desarrollos tanto teóricos como empíricos que han abordado el concepto de identidad y su rol asociado a la delincuencia, desde la criminología y otras disciplinas. La revisión bibliográfica se basó en una búsqueda en español e inglés en las bases de datos Web of Knowledge, Scopus y Scielo. La exposición de propuestas teóricas sigue un orden cronológico y de campo disciplinar, incluyendo la perspectiva de la identidad, la sociología de la desviación, la criminología del desarrollo y algunos de los principales planteamientos contemporáneos. Se destaca la difusión e importancia que tuvo la perspectiva de la identidad entre los años cincuenta y setenta, y la posterior crítica que la señaló como reduccionista, carente de sustento teórico y poco dialogante con otras propuestas criminológicas. Luego se enfatiza en las contribuciones y propuestas posteriores, las que dan cuenta de la consistencia del concepto, así como de su versatilidad y articulación con distintas aproximaciones disciplinares abocadas a la comprensión del fenómeno delictivo. Se concluye destacando la riqueza del concepto, sus proyecciones y la importancia de su revitalización.

Este artigo é uma revisão bibliográfica que descreve e analisa os principais desenvolvimentos teóricos e empíricos que abordaram o conceito de identidade e seu papel associado ao crime, a partir da criminologia e de outras disciplinas. A revisão bibliográfica baseou-se em uma busca em espanhol e inglês nas bases de dados Web of Knowledge, Scopus e Scielo. A apresentação das propostas teóricas segue uma ordem cronológica e disciplinar de campo, incluindo a perspectiva identitária, a sociologia do desvio, a criminologia do desenvolvimento e algumas das principais abordagens contemporâneas. Destaca-se a difusão e importância que a perspectiva identitária teve entre as décadas de 1950 e 1970. E as críticas posteriores que a apontaram como reducionista, carente de respaldo teórico e pouco diálogo com outras propostas criminológicas. Em seguida, destacam-se as contribuições e propostas subsequentes, que dão conta da consistência do conceito, bem como da sua versatilidade e articulação com diferentes abordagens disciplinares destinadas à compreensão do fenómeno criminal. Conclui-se destacando a riqueza do conceito, suas projeções e a importância de sua revitalização.

To study the usefulness of CBCL-TRF for assessment and screening of psychiatric morbidity in juvenile delinquent boys in an observation home.

Background: Given the growth of juvenile delinquent population, epidemiologic data on their psychiatric evaluation is becoming increasingly important. Rehabilitation for juvenile delinquent children is the key whether addressing healthcare, poverty, population control, unemployment or human rights issues. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of CBCL (Child Behaviour Checklist – TRF (Teacher Report Form) for assessment and screening of psychiatric morbidity in juvenile delinquent boys in an observation home. Method: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in an Observation Home for Boys. Prior to conducting the study, informed written permission was sought from the Superintendent of Observation Home for Boys. Study sample consisted of 50 boys aged between 6-16 years. The children were recruited through application of inclusion and exclusion criteria and after taking written informed permission from the Observation Home authorities. Results: Significant CBCL total score was found in 22 (44%) juveniles. Eighteen (36%) juveniles had high score on externalizing behaviour, and 14 (28%) on internalizing behaviour. The sensitivity of CBCL significant score was found to be 88.64% and specificity was 100%. This indicates the utility of CBCL in epidemiological studies and screening of juveniles. It is a simple tool for screening and as noted it has high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: In conclusion, the CBCL has implications for the training of manpower for strengthening of mental health services for these children. There is immediate need for multidisciplinary mental health services at each juvenile center.

La delincuencia juvenil en la Unión Europea tras la crisis financiera de 2008 / Juvenile Delinquency in the European Union after the 2008 Financial Crisis / Delinquência juvenil na União Europeia após a crise financeira de 2008

Resumen A partir del enfoque del análisis económico del delito, este artículo investiga qué papel jugó la edad en las tasas de criminalidad tras la crisis económica de 2008 para una muestra de 24 países de la Unión Europea (UE). Para ello, se establece un modelo de panel de datos con efectos fijos a partir de los datos de Eurostat y se realiza un análisis empírico sobre los factores influyentes en la delincuencia en la UE mediante la adopción del método de mínimos cuadrados. Los resultados son coincidentes con la literatura existente: los jóvenes de 15 a 19 años tienen una mayor probabilidad de cometer delitos y a medida que crecen en edad disminuyen su actividad delictiva. Esta investigación es novedosa y aporta nuevos resultados a la controversia académica sobre la influencia del estado de la economía en la delincuencia, ya que confirma que el deterioro de las condiciones económicas es un factor potenciador de la delincuencia en la Unión Europea, especialmente en los delitos contra la propiedad.

Abstract Based on the financial analysis of crime, this article researches the role of age in crime rates after the 2008 financial crisis for a sample of 24 countries in the European Union (EU). To do so, a panel data model was established with fixed effects based on data from Eurostat. An empirical analysis was performed on the factors that influenced crime in the EU by adopting the least squares model. The results coincided with the existing literature: youth from 15 to 19 years of age are more likely to commit crimes and, as they age, their criminal activities decrease. This research is groundbreaking and contributes new results to the academic controversy on the influence of an economy's condition on crime, since it confirms that deteriorating economic conditions are a factor that drives crime in the European Union, especially crimes against property.

Resumo Este artigo investiga, desde uma abordagem da análise económica do crime, que papel teve a idade nas taxas de criminalidade após a crise económica de 2008 para uma amostra de 24 países da União Europeia (UE). Para fazer isso, é estabelecido um modelo de dados em painel com efeitos fixos, com base nos dados do Eurostat, e é realizada uma análise empírica dos fatores que influenciam a delinquência na UE, adoptando o método dos mínimos quadrados. Os resultados coincidem com a literatura existente: jovens entre 15 e 19 anos têm maior probabilidade de cometer crimes e, à medida que envelhecem, sua atividade criminal diminui. Esta pesquisa é inédita e contribui com novos resultados para a controvérsia académica sobre a influência do estado da economia na delinquência, pois confirma que a deterioração das condições económicas é um fator que potencializa a delinquência na União Europeia, especialmente os crimes contra o património.

Escenarios de delincuencia juvenil en el ámbito urbano: una perspectiva situacional / Scenarios of juvenile delinquency in the urban sphere: a situational perspective / Cenários de delinquência juvenil no âmbito urbano: uma perspectiva situacional

Resumen A lo largo de las tres últimas décadas se ha incrementado de forma notable el estudio de las variables espaciales y contextuales asociadas a la delincuencia. La evidencia empírica ha señalado que los delitos se concentran en espacios específicos de la ciudad y alrededor de cierto tipo de instalaciones y servicios. Sin embargo, los estudios en el sur de Europa sobre esta cuestión son ciertamente escasos, sobre todo si se trata de centrar el análisis en población juvenil. El objetivo principal es explorar la concentración de la delincuencia juvenil en espacio urbano y estudiar los tipos de instalaciones predominantes en los hotspots resultantes. Para ello, y bajo el marco teórico que las perspectivas situacionales puedan aportar, se han analizado -siguiendo una metodología ex post facto retrospectiva- los delitos cometidos por personas menores de edad con datos proporcionados por la policía autónoma del País Vasco (España). Se han obtenido clústeres de eventos geolocalizados y mediante un análisis de las áreas de influencia se ha hecho un recuento de las instalaciones que existen alrededor de dichos clústeres. Los resultados indican que existe concentración de las infracciones en determinados lugares en los que ciertas instalaciones prevalecen sobre otras.

Abstract Throughout the three last decades the study of the special and contextual variables associated with the delinquency has increased. The empirical evidence has signaled that the crimes are concentrated in specific spaces in the city and around certain type of facilities and services. Nevertheless, the studies in the south of Europe about this issue are certainly scarce, especially if it is about centering the analysis in juvenile population. The main objective is to explore the concentration of the juvenile delinquency in urban space and to study the types of predominant facilities in the resultant hotspots. For it, and under the theoretical framework that the situational perspectives could bring to, the offences committed by minors with data provided by the Basque country police (Spain) were analyzed - following a retrospective ex post facto methodology. Clusters of geolocated events have been obtained and, through an analysis of the areas of influence, a recount of the facilities that exist around those clusters has been done. The results indicate that concentration of the infringements exists in specific places in which certain facilities prevail over others.

Resumo Ao longo das três últimas décadas tem incrementado de forma notável o estudo das variáveis espaciais e contextuais associadas à delinquência. A evidência empírica tem assinalado que os delitos se concentram em espaços específicos da cidade e ao redor de certo tipo de instalações e serviços. No entanto, os estudos no sul da Europa sobre esta questão são certamente escassos, sobretudo se se trata de centrar a análise em população juvenil. O objetivo principal é explorar a concentração da delinquência juvenil em espaço urbano e estudar os tipos de instalações predominantes nos hotspots resultantes. Para isso, e sob o marco teórico que as perspectivas situacionais podem fornecer, foram analisados -seguindo uma metodologia ex post facto retrospectiva- os delitos cometidos por pessoas menores de idade com dados fornecidos pela polícia autónoma do País Basco (Espanha). Foram obtidos clusters de eventos geolocalizados e, através de uma análise das áreas de influência, se fez uma contagem das instalações que existem ao redor de tais clusters. Os resultados indicam que existe concentração das infracções em determinados lugares em que certas instalações prevalecem sobre outras.

The relation research on resilience, personality and family environment of male juvenile delinquents with high traumatic experiences / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the resilience traits of male juvenile delinquents with high traumatic experiences and the relationship on resilience and personality,family environment.Methods 147 male juvenile delinquents selected by self-made traumatic experience questionnaire were surveyed with the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescent,Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and Family Environment Scale.The data were statistically analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise Regression Analysis.Results The total scores of resilience in male juvenile delinquents with high trauma experiences were (75.98 ± 14.03).Besides the scores of goal planning (3.47±4.23),the scores of affect control(1.94±2.85),positive thinking(2.31±3.47),family support(1.89±3.84)and help seeking (2.92±3.38)were all below 3.Differences of goal planning,positive thinking,family support had been found in male juvenile delinquents with high trauma experiences on the factors including educational level,rural or urban family,whether only-child family,whether single-parent family.The delinquents' resilience was correlated with their personality(r=-0.357-0.175) and family environment (r=-0.185-0.272) in several dimensions (P ＜0.05).Neuroticism,family conflict and psychoticism predicted resilience negatively (β=-2.354,-0.135,-0.194,P＜0.05).Family cohesion predicted resilience positively(β=1.389,P＜0.001).Conclusion The resilience of male juvenile delinquents with high traumatic experiences is poor and personality,and family environment has significant influences on their resiliences.

La influencia del contexto familiar en el desarrollo de conductas violentas durante la adolescencia: factores de riesgo y de protección / A influência do contexto familiar no desenvolvimento do comportamento violento na adolescência: fatores de risco e proteção / The infl uence of the family context in the development of violent behaviors during adolescence: risk and protection factors

Se presenta una síntesis bibliográfi ca de los principales factores de riesgo y protección relacionados con la manifestación de conductas violentas. De manera más específica, y tras una selección de los estudios de investigación más significativos hasta la fecha, este trabajo orienta su objetivo fundamental al análisis de aquellos factores que en el contexto familiar pueden afectar el origen, el desarrollo o la paliación de la expresión de comportamientos antisociales durante la adolescencia. Sin embargo, y con una finalidad introductoria, se hace previamente una exposición de las teorías que fundamentan la existencia de tal relación, así como su continuidad durante la vida adulta

A bibliographical synthesis is offered around the main risk and protection factors relating to the manifestation of violent conducts. More specifi cally and after having selected the most meaningful research studies made to this date, the essential objective of this work is oriented toward the analysis of those factors likely to affect, in the family context, the origin, development or mitigation of antisocial behaviors expressed during adolescence. However, and for the purposes of an introduction, the theories serving to support the existence of any such relationship between factors and behaviors are exposed as well as its continuity during adult life

Apresenta uma síntese bibliográfica dos maiores fatores de risco e proteção associados com a manifestação de comportamentos violentos. Mais especifi camente e após uma seleção dos estudos de investigação mais signifi cativos até a data, o presente trabalho guia seu objetivo fundamental à análise dos fatores que em um contexto familiar afetam a origem, o desenvolvimento ou a paliação da expressão dos comportamentos anti-sociais na adolescência . No entanto e com um propósito introdutório, uma exposição das teorias que sustentam a existência de tal relação é feita anteriormente, bem como sua continuidade durante a vida adulta

A Study on Dietary Practices of Juvenile Delinquents in Korea / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The relationship between dietary practices and juvenile delinquency was studied using a dietary survey. Subjects were selected from juvenile delinquents who were under the supervision of the Seoul Probation Office of the Ministry of Justice. The study group consisted of 52 male and 52 female delinquents. As a control group, 104 exemplary high school students were selected in Seoul. A questionnaire was designed to find out the subjects' general characteristics, dietary habits, lifestyle, eating behavior, food frequency, and nutrient intake using the 24-hour recall method. Compared to the exemplary students, the juvenile delinquents were significantly different in education level, family status, monthly allowance, residence status, breast fed, parents' education level, parents' concern. In dietary habits, fifty-eight percent of the juvenile delinquents ate 2 or fewer meals per day, preferred to eat with friends, and liked hot tasting foods. The juvenile delinquents consumed more ion drinks (OR=9.26 CI: 3.83-22.37), rameon (OR=7.67 CI: 3.21-18.33), cola (OR=6.75 CI: 2.91-15.69), soft drinks (OR=6.12 CI: 2.53-14.81), steamed korean sausage (OR=5.34 CI:2.31-12.32), hamburger (OR=5.15 CI: 1.91-13.87), kimbab (OR=3.63 CI: 1.76-7.46), ddokbokgi (OR=3.17 CI: 1.58-6.38), candy (OR=3.08 CI: 1.41-6.73), white rice (OR=2.59 CI: 1.19-5.64), hotdog (OR=2.52 CI: 1.31-4.86), and less rice mixed with grains (OR=0.02 CI: 0.01-0.05), tangerine (OR=0.06 CI: 0.02-0.20), milk (OR=0.29 CI: 0.14-0.60), roasted fish (OR=0.32 CI: 0.28-0.99, anchovy (OR=0.35 CI: 0.17-0.72), seaweed (OR=0.37 CI: 0.16-0.83), and tofu (OR=0.48 CI: 0.23-0.99) than the exemplary students. With respect to the juvenile delinquents, the nutrient intakes lower than 75% of the Korean RDA were for riboflavin (75.0%) and calcium (47.9%) among the boys, and calcium (46.9%) and iron (60.4%) among the girls. To prevent juvenile delinquency, nutritional education and well-balanced school food service meals should be emphasized so as to improve the management of dietary practices.